Ethics in Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Ethics in Criminal Justice - Essay Example icer should then try to reason with the individuals before pulling the trigger and should not just assume the worst and commit an extreme act of killing a person. This is an approach where the concept of relativity in ethics needs to be considered. Given the current situation, speed traps may be used to garner revenue but everything needs to be done in a limited manner. The police officer in charge should try to find an alternate option to raise funds. Until such a situation is resolved, speed traps may be used to collect revenue but the same must be restricted to at most one or two per day. This is because it is ethically not permissible to set up speed traps just for raising funds. According to the utilitarianism approach to ethics this is a totally wrong strategy. Hence, a middle path needs to be determined. The character of a protector of ethics to drive and encourage ethical behavior is virtue ethics. On the other hand, utilitarianism focuses on driving the right behaviors. In fact utilitarianism is interested in the outcomes of the actions and does not care about the intentions which motivate these outcomes. On the other hand, formal ethics is concerned with moral judgments. In this incident, the character should have taken a relative path to ethics as taking the path of virtue ethics has deemed him to be an arch enemy of the police force of an entire nation. To a certain extent, one must abide by the cultures and norms which are prevalent in a certain culture or society. The reasoning behind the statement is in line with the proponents of virtue ethics. This is again a scenario of ethical dilemma. The case details the amount of violations committed by the FBI. This is an abuse of power and hence according to ethics is not permissible. Utilitarianism is concerned with the final results and not with the intentions to commit the act. Hence this concept of ethics will support the approach of not eliminating such powers. However the relativity theory of ethics

Farm Financial Standards Council Case Study Essay

Farm Financial Standards Council Case Study - Essay Example Activity based costing on the basis of identified and mutually agreed activities and grouped under Production Cost Centers, Support Cost Centers and Profit Centers is definitely a more logical and inclusive approach as it traces the flow of all agricultural inputs and outputs. It is similar to process costing methods used in the manufacturing industries where the cost of every subsequent department is added to the previous ones and after elimination of waste products, we are left with the final cost of the finished products as they emerge from the last department into the finished goods inventory. For a farm the finished product would be the different crops produced. Although the first solution is more amenable to the situation at John and Mary’s Farm, the second is proposed as a better starting point for any type of agricultural enterprise. The benefits of the first solution are that it uses well regarded units such as acres for corn crop and bushels for soybean marketing whi ch are logical and make very good sense (Case Study, pp 6-7). The reports generated in the first solution are also quite detailed and show quarter-wise production costs and expenses for each crop planted and reaped. There are also reports of inventories of different crops produced and sold, which includes cost per bushel or acre as well as in dollar terms. Such type of management reporting and control is a farmer’s dream. He is able to know the costs and expenses on all that he has grown so that he can price it better in the marketplace. Of course the second solution just proposes an alternative and more logical starting point for all types of agricultural enterprises, and would be an invaluable guide to using the ABC method for newly established farming organizations. It is definitely more detailed and logical. ABC information can even be used to reengineer processes and make other improvements to quality while still cutting costs (www.prosci.com/abc1.htm). 2. If the Farm Co uncil Case did not use Activity Based Costing, identify several dysfunctional decisions that could be made using traditional cost allocation. Which solution do you prefer, the initial or alternative solution proposed in the case? Explain the difference between the suggested solution and alternative solution. As we already know, activity based costing and volume based costing are the two alternative methods in use today, in many enterprises across the world. The drawbacks of the traditional or volume based costing methods are well known. It seeks to allocate indirect costs or overheads on arbitrary bases like machine hours used or labor hours consumed that are not truly representative of costs incurred on various activities or products produced (Roztocki, 1998). ABC method on the other hand focuses on indirect costs or overheads, tracing each expense to a particular cost object. It makes indirect expenses more directly attributable to products and activities. ABC is particularly pref erred when overheads are high and products are diverse. The basic premise of ABC is that cost object consume activities and activities consume resources. Resource consumption drives costs, and understanding the relationship between resource consumption and activities is critical to managing overhead. If the farm chose to use traditional costing methods instead of activity

Abacus, Amadeus And OPERA Reservation Systems

Abacus, Amadeus And OPERA Reservation Systems Abacus, Amadeus, and OPERA Reservation Systems (ORS) are the three IT systems that will be discuss in this report. Abacus is the Asia Pacifics largest Global Distribution System (GDS) and Computerized Reservations System (CRS) that provides airline reservations, pricing and ticketing, hotel and car bookings, travel insurance and other travel information. One of the travel agency which is using Abacus is Eurotours Travel Pte Ltd in Singapore. Amadeus is a Central Reservations System (CRS) which created by Air France, Iberia Airlines, Lufthansa, and Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) in 1987. AirAsia is one of the airline partner which is using Amadeus as their IT system. The OPERA Reservation System (ORS) is the industrys first truly integrated, single image enterprise inventory system. ORS is owned by MICROS Systems, Inc. Loews Hotels has chosen ORS to be their IT systems in all their hotels. These three different IT systems have its different advantages and disadvantages. Last but not least, IT systems are very important in tourism and hospitality industry. They play a lot of roles in industry in order to provide more convenience for the companies as well as the customers. 2. Introduction Information Technology (IT) systems play an important role in tourism and hospitality industry. There are many IT systems appear in the market now for hotels, restaurants, travel agencies, and airlines. Some of the IT systems are Abacus, Amadeus, Gabriel, Fidelio, OPERA Reservation System, Sabre, Worldspan, and many others. These IT systems are created to make reservations, check seat availabilities, food and beverage transactions and controls in hotels, restaurants, airlines, as well as travel agencies around the world. Abacus, Amadeus, and OPERA Reservation Systems are the three IT systems that will be discuss in this report. Abacus is the Asia Pacifics largest Global Distribution System (GDS) used in travel agencies. Amadeus is a Central Reservations System (CRS) which majority used in airlines while the OPERA Reservation System used in most hotels in the world. This report is written and compound to evaluate and analyze how Abacus, Amadeus, and OPERA Reservation System are implemented in three different companies. 3. Abacus logo_Abacus-red_large.gif Abacus International is the Asia Pacifics largest Global Distribution System (GDS) and Computerized Reservations System (CRS) that provides airline reservations, pricing and ticketing, hotel and car bookings, travel insurance and other travel information since 1988. The headquarter of Abacus International is located in Singapore. Abacus International is 65 percent owned by Abacus International Holdings and 35 percent owned by U.S. Based GDS, Sabre Holdings. Sabre is the global leader in the electronic distribution of travel and travel related services. Abacus International Holdings is jointly owned by several Asias leading airlines including All Nippon Airways, Cathay Pacific, Garuda Indonesia, EVA Airways, China Airlines, Malaysia Airlines, Hong Kong Dragon Airlines, Royal Brunei Airlines, Philippine Airlines, SilkAir and Singapore Airlines. Abacus is typically used in travel agencies and one of the travel agency which uses Abacus as their reservation system is: Eurotours Travel Pte Ltd Eurotours Travel Pte Ltd was established by Ms. Hedy Mok in 1974. Eurotours Travel is located at 190 Clemenceau Avenue #05-4/7, Singapore Shopping Centre, Singapore 239924. Eurotours Travel provides inbound and outbound travel management services. Currently, Corporate Travel bookings comprise 80 percent of Eurotours business volume and the remaining 20 percent is from Leisure Travel services. Every system must have the strengths and the weaknesses in different area. The strengths of Abacus are Abacus has direct link for travel agencies who want to apply Australia visa for their customers. It is more convenience for the travel agencies who use Abacus so they do not to go to Australia embassy to queue for applying visa for their customers who wish to travel to Australia. Abacus also provides a lot of information about all requirements that travel agencies need to know for their customers who want to travel to certain country. Some weaknesses of Abacus are the operation of Abacus and the update information in Abacus. The operation of Abacus is not user friendly. For travel agencies who operate Abacus system, they need to give advance training to their employees because Abacus uses a lot of codes in their system. The employees need to learn and memorize hundreds of code in order to make a reservation or check the room availability in a hotel. Abacus also a bit slow in update their new data or information so travel agencies always need to check their new information. logo_Abacus-red_large.gif 4. Amadeus Your Technology Partner 1009amadeuslogo.jpg Amadeus is a Central Reservations System (CRS) which created by Air France, Iberia Airlines, Lufthansa, and Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) in 1987. Amadeus is owned by Amadeus IT Group. The central headquarters of Amadeus are located in Madrid, Spain for its corporate headquarters and marketing, Nice for the development and Erding for the operation. Amadeus is also a member of International Air Transport Association (IATA), OpenTravel Alliance (OTA), and SITA, and its IATA designator code is 1A. One of the airline which applies Amadeus as their IT system is: Air Asia According to Press Release from Amadeus North America, Inc. (2010) stated: Madrid, Spain, September 10, 2009: Amadeus, a global leader in technology and distribution solutions for the travel and tourism industry today, announced that it hasformed a groundbreaking partnership with AirAsia, the Worlds Best Low Cost Airline, which for the first time will enable Amadeus-subscribing travel agencies worldwide to book AirAsia flights in the same way they would for a full-service carrier. AirAsia is a Malaysian low-cost airline. AirAsia was established in 1993 and commenced operations on 18 November 1996. AirAsia have five subsidiaries which are Thai AirAsia, Indonesia AirAsia, VietJet AirAsia, AirAsia RedTix, and Khmer AirAsia (2012). AirAsia Group operates over 400 flights daily, both domestic and international routes, from Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Kuala Lumpur, Singapore, India, Myanmar, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, South Korea, Laos, Philippines, and United Kingdom. Currently, AirAsia has total 96 fleets including Thai AirAsia, Indonesia AirAsia, and AirAsia X. Amadeus provides Customer Service Management (CMS) for airlines, sales, reservations, and e-ticketing systems, and corporate self-booking tools for major world leading airlines and travel suppliers. Amadeus also offers services for trains, cars, cruises, and hotel reservations. There are many benefits for the airlines which using Amadeus. The system of Amadeus is quite fast and efficient. Amadeus also allows the airlines to change their existing bookings or request new time limits. Lastly, Amadeus also will send automatic recognition or acknowledgement to their partner airlines once all the updates are finished. 1009amadeuslogo.jpg 5. OPERA Reservation System (ORS) opera.jpg The OPERA Reservation System (ORS) is the industrys first truly integrated, single image enterprise inventory system. OPERA Reservation System is owned by MICROS Systems, Inc. The headquarter of MICROS Systems, Inc. is located in Columbia, Maryland. The ORS hotel reservation system is designed with the entire OPERA product family: OPERA Customer Information System (OCIS), OPERA Property Management System, OPERA Sales and Catering, and OPERA Sales Force Automation. ORS can be configured to suit any size hotel or Central Reservation Office (CRO) environment. ORS handles all types of reservations started from individual, group and party, company, travel agent, multi-legged, multi-rate, as well as waitlisted. ORS is typically used in the hotels especially front office and one of the hotel which uses ORS as their IT system is: Loews Hotels Loews Hotels headquartered in New York City, offer a comfortable, vibrant, and unique local experience for their guests. Loews Hotels is a wholly owned by Loews Corporation. Loews Hotels operates 19 distinctive luxury hotels and resorts across US and Canada started from: Annapolis, Los Angeles, Lake Las Vegas, Montreal, Quebec City, Miami Beach, Nashville, New York, New Orleans, Philadelphia, San Diego, Tucson, Washington DC, St. Pete Beach, Portofino Bay, Hard Rock Hotel, and Royal Pacific Resort. The ORS availability display will help the front office officer to check the room rates, types of room, and packages that hotel offer to their guests. ORS also helps hotels to do the complex operations such as frequent flyer and loyalty program memberships, split charges, and rate discounts. ORS also handles group and block reservations in hotel easier than other systems, for example: room blocking, room sharing, rooming lists, tour series, and deposits. Last but not least, hotels and chains can also use the ORS to review their business volume and performance by either open or close channel. Open or close channel can be based on property rate or the room type. 6. Conclusion Nowadays, hotels, airlines, restaurants, and travel agencies use Information Technology (IT) systems in their companies to facilitate the companies as well as their customers in terms of making reservations, checking the seat availabilities, purchasing airline tickets, and many others. Abacus, Amadeus, and OPERA Reservation System (ORS) is the three IT systems which have discussed in this report. Abacus is the IT systems which used in majority travel agencies, while Amadeus and ORS used in majority airlines and hotels. These three different IT systems have its different advantages and disadvantages. Last but not least, IT systems are very important in tourism and hospitality industry. They play a lot of roles in industry in order to provide more convenience for the companies and their customers.

Sex Education in Schools Essay -- Teaching Education

Sex Education in Schools Sex education in schools now seems to be more and more of a controversial issue. People are arguing over what the curriculum should be in sex education, if it should be taught in schools or at home by parents and the main point of this paper if sex education is actually doing what it was set out to do. The idea behind this paper is to determine if sex education in schools really does keep down the amount of teens with STD’s or who become pregnant. The definition of sex education according to SIECUS (2002) â€Å"Sexuality education is a lifelong process of acquiring information and forming attitudes, beliefs, and values. It encompasses sexual development, reproductive health, interpersonal relationships, affection, intimacy, body image, and gender roles.† Sex education discusses important aspects of reproduction, sexuality, and just growing up in general in a physical and emotional sense. One would have to wonder though; does sex education actually serve its purpose? Does it enlighten teens enough about sex and the consequences, to the point where you can actually tell the difference between those who are sexually educated and those who are not? According to a study done bye Coyle (1999) sex education no matter where, at home or in school, and no matter the program does indeed help decrease the amount of teens having unsafe sex. Based on information from that same study about 3 million teenagers a year get an STD, and roughly 10% of adolescent females ages 15-19 get pregnant every year unintentionally. In an article from The Alan Guttmacher Institute (1999) there has been a 20% drop in female p regnancies between n 1990 and 1997 and the drop has continued, they have stated that the reason for this i... ...ow that sex education does indeed decrease the amount of teens who become pregnant and contract STD’s. There are a lot of people who choose to ignore statistics which state that they themselves and their children are at risk of getting a disease which would change their lives forever, or ignore the idea that their child could be having sex, and young teens who don’t believe they can get pregnant the first time having sex. Sex education informs and is an important part of a curriculum, just as much as Math and English, because an education is harder to get if you have a baby or if you spend a lot of time in the doctor’s office. Life is by no means over if a disease is contracted or if a baby is born, but it is defiantly life altering and it is by far better to know and be able to protect yourself than it is to be sheltered from what a few people could find profane.

Caribbean Music Essay

What is meant by Caribbean music in a new mode? What emphasis, in this chapter, seems to justify a departure from traditional presentations of music and culture of the Caribbean? Caribbean music in a new mode it’s meant that it probes the African antecedents retained in the region’s religious rituals. The chapter further contends that in the African-derived context, no distinction is made between sacred and secular, and that popular festivals like carnival, rara, junkannu, or gumbay are rooted in an Afro-religious mode. In this respect, one finds commonality of themes, the major ones being: cultural affirmation; aspirations to freedom; and resistance to oppression as expressed in rituals such as Vodou, Santeria, Candomble, Kumina, or Shango; popular dance-hall styles like â€Å"rasin† in Haiti, reggae in Jamaica, samba-reggae in Brazil; and carnival musics like calypso and soca in Trinidad & Tobago. The mix of culture seems to justify a departure from traditional presentation of music and culture of the Caribbean. Caribbean music was influenced by the triple cultural: Amerindian, African and European. Caribbean music styles can be classified into folk, classical, or commercial popular categories.Caribbean Music contain the traditional music and the features of other countries and area. It creates its own unique style. Caribbean Music absorbed African music Percussion Music. The Caribbean can make good use of drums and other strong beat instruments. Samba,Rumba, Merengue, Reggae,Calypso, and Soca are also relate to the African dancing. Therefore, vigorous music is one of important Caribbean Music Characteristics. Because of the the effect on the west side, Caribbean Music always has a strong Latin style, which makes Caribbean Music more charming. In the past, the Carnival was resisted by the upper class. However, it becomes the world biggest showcase for all over the world. Nowadays, Caribbean music combine some international elements and keep their music original style which leads Caribbean music and its dancing to become more famous and popular. The music of the Caribbean illustrates the soundscape of Africa and Europe, and this may be observed in the rhythms of Candomble, Santerà ­a, Vodou, Kumina, and Shango, as well as the popular dance-hall styles of rumba, samba, merengue, reggae, calypso and soca.

How did Bobbie Ann Mason`s upbringing in the rural south influence her writing of Shiloh Essay

Bobbie Ann Mason is considered as one of the great American writers from the South. Her personal background as a Southerner influenced and set a backdrop for most of her fiction stories. From a small country girl who used to read Bobbsey Twins and the Nancy Drew mysteries, Bobbie Ann Mason has become one of the America’s leading fiction writers. In 1980 The New Yorker published her first story. â€Å"It took me a long time to discover my material,† she says. â€Å"It wasn’t a matter of developing writing skills; it was a matter of knowing how to see things. And it took me a very long time to grow up. I’d been writing for a long time, but was never able to see what there was to write about. I always aspired to things away from home, so it took me a long time to look back at home and realize that that’s where the center of my thought was† (Bobbie Ann Mason’s Homepage). This discourse will try to map out the journey that Bobbie Ann Mason has taken from being just a country girl to being one of America’s leading fiction writers as well as how her upbringing has been manifested in her writings, especially â€Å"Shiloh†. Bobbie Ann Mason was born in 1940 in a small town in Mayfield, Kentucky. Growing up in her parents’ dairy farm, she spent most of her childhood days in the typical rural Southern setting and experiencing the Southern way of upbringing. (â€Å"Bobbie Ann Mason,† Wikipedia) The first nine (9) years of her educational life were spent in a rural school. Shortly thereafter Bobbie Ann Mason attended a â€Å"city† school where she stayed until her graduation. It was here where she first experienced living in the city and experiencing the hustle and bustle that was absent from the rural setting that she was accustomed to in Kentucky (Webber). It was her love for literature that prompted her to pursue a degree in journalism from the University of Kentucky and eventually attain a Ph. D. in English from the University of Connecticut. (â€Å"Bobbie Ann Mason,† Wikipedia) This seeming â€Å"duality† of her background, growing up in the Southern Setting and highly educated in a metropolitan setting, is reflected within most of her written works (Hunt). Rothstein describes Mason’s style as a combination of her â€Å"intellectual sophistication† (after all, she had a doctorate degree) and â€Å"the sense of isolated, yearning existence of her rural characters [is] one she has never quite shed herself. † The influence of growing up in the South is clearly shown in most of her characters in her stories yet the theme and feel of the story reveals her intellect and cosmopolitan views as well. A perfect example of how Mason reveals this â€Å"duality† is in Shiloh. In Shiloh, Mason shows this through the challenges that the characters undergo; some of these changes that the characters in experience deal with the nature of human life, the changes brought on by death, the issues on disease and aging; but these changes are not so common, nor as troublesome, in Mason’s stories as the changes brought on by a changing society. These changes, as Edwin T. Arnold correctly observes, are brought about by the fact that the present â€Å"has effectively displaced, transformed, and cheapened the traditional,† and Mason’s characters are depicted as they lose their strengths and beliefs and find nothing substantial to replace them (136) Bobbie Ann Mason’s writings are mostly set in the South. Her version is more realistic and not romanticized; unlike the works of Faulkner or O’Connor (Hunt), she depicts small-town rural Southern living, using dialogue and settings characteristic of the South (Hunt). However, â€Å"southern history and all it represents seems irrelevant to her characters’ lives† (Fine 87). Bobbie Ann Mason occasionally reveals her talent and wit by being able to focus more on her characters and their sense of isolation and their want for something more from their lives and draw the reader towards the characters and make them empathize with the characters. These characters are not simply depicted as typical Southerners, but rather as people â€Å"who are trying desperately to get into the society rather than out of it† (Reed 60). Mason shows the Southern Influence by creating believable characters that are caught in the transition between the old, pastoral, rural world of farms and close-knit communities and the modern, anonymous, suburban world of shopping malls and fast-food restaurants (Shiloh: Themes). In â€Å"Shiloh,† for example, Leroy did not notice the change in his hometown while he was on the road as a trucker. However, now that Leroy has come home to stay, â€Å"he notices how much the town has changed. Subdivisions are spreading across western Kentucky like an oil slick. † Change, a theme often used by Mason in her works, shows just how much Mason is influenced by her upbringing and also reveals how she laments over how people are slow to realize the changes in southern society. In this story, it takes a traumatic event of some kind to make the characters see that the land has changed or that they no longer know who they are. In Leroy’s case, it is his accident and injury in his rig that make him see that the land has changed, that Norma Jean has changed, and that â€Å"in all the years he was on the road he never took time to examine anything. He was always flying past scenery† (2). Several of Mason’s characters react to the changes in their lives by trying, at least momentarily, to go back. Leroy thinks that he can hold onto his wife if he can go back to a simpler time. He decides to accomplish this by building her a log cabin for which he goes so far as to order the blueprints and to build a miniature out of Lincoln Logs. Mabel, Leroy’s mother-in-law, is convinced that if Leroy and Norma Jean will go to Shiloh where she and her husband went on their honeymoon, they can somehow begin their fifteen-year-old marriage anew. So does Leroy. He says to Norma, â€Å"You and me could start all over again. Right back at the beginning† (15). It is ironic, fitting, and symbolic that it is at Shiloh that Norma tells him she wants to leave him. By story’s end, Leroy knows that he cannot go back as â€Å"it occurs to him that building a house of logs is . . . empty — too simple. . . . Now he sees that building a log house is the dumbest idea he could have had. . . . It was a crazy idea† (16). He realizes that â€Å"the real inner workings of a marriage, like most of history, have escaped him† (16). The female characters that Mason brings to life are what set her stories apart from the usual literature which depicts Southern women; their dreams, goals, and their want for progress significantly differs from those of the traditional Southern belle characters such as Scarlett O’Hara and Adie (Hunt). The female characters of Mason embrace change and are not afraid of it (Kincaid 582). This seemingly feminist theme reflects the change in social relationships between men and women; how evolving and rapidly shifting gender roles affect the lives of simple people. Mason also shows how some of her women try to forge new identities in the wake of shifting gender roles and how their efforts often include a blatant shrinking of traditionally feminine behaviors or characteristics; sometimes they seem almost completely to be trading roles with the men in their lives. And since change often causes uncertainty and instability, another aspect is the way these women find some solid ground through connections with other women (Bucher). â€Å"Shiloh† is a story that â€Å"symbolizes the modern woman striving to find her identity† (Cooke 196). In this short story, Bobbie Ann Mason masterfully portrays the lead female character, Norma Jean, as one such woman; strong, determined and confused in a search for her identity. Mason is able to show this to the reader through the acts of Norma Jean as she tries to improve her physical appearance by â€Å"working on her pectorals† (Mason 271), enrolls in a â€Å"variety of classes, from weightlifting to cooking exotic foods to English composition in an attempt to become a new woman† (Thompson 3). These actions of Norma Jean actions reveal more of a strong desire for inner personal transformation, much more than anything else. However, Mason also recognizes that abrupt change in one’s personality has its own dangers (Hunt), as illustrated by Norma Jean and Leroy’s relationship. Norma Jean and Leroy’s relationship is a perfect example of the dangers of an abrupt change as it shows a marriage with serious problem and the effect that change has on it. Leroy and Norma Jean Moffitt, are working-class people living in the modern South, and thus they bring into their marriage all sorts of unspoken expectations of who they should be, which often contrast violently with who they are – even more so with who they are becoming (Bucher). When in a twist of fate, Leroy loses the use of his leg, Norma Jean suddenly assumes the role of being the man in the family and this leads to problems. It is this sort of change that is not only abrupt but also drastic which Mason shows in Shiloh that reveals her Southern influence. She emphasizes the changing role of women in society by using the Southern setting as a backdrop. Mason is a lover of rock and roll music. This passion and preference for rock music and pop culture are frequently reflected throughout her stories as well (Webber). â€Å"Writing is my version of rock-and-roll,† Rothstein quotes her (Webber). This is aptly shown in â€Å"Shiloh,† where the main characters themselves are named after Elvis Presley and Marilyn Monroe, popular icons of the rock and roll scene and pop culture in the early 1950s. All in all, it can be said that Bobbie Ann Mason’s personal background shows a very consistent influence in the fiction stories that she writes and provides a deeper and different perspective about living in a Southern setting and rural life in general. â€Å"In the country in Kentucky, people are just amazed that anybody in New York wants to read about their lives† (Rothstein). With fiction stories of Bobbie Ann Mason, however, it is not surprising that people will want to read more about Kentucky or the Southern locales of the United States, for that matter, for her stories speak of the universal human experiences that transcend physical and cultural boundaries which people can identify with. WORKS CITED: Arnold, Edwin J. â€Å"Falling Apart and Staying Together. † Appalachian Journal (1985): 135-141Aycock-Simpson, Judy. Bobbie Ann Mason’s Portrayal of Modern Western Kentucky Border States: Journal of the Kentucky-Tennessee American Studies Association, No. 7 (1989) â€Å"Bobbie Ann Mason. † Wikipedia: Free Encyclopedia. August 30, 2006. November 11, 2006 â€Å"Bobbie Ann Mason. † Bobbie Ann Mason’s Homepage. September 17, 2005. November 24, 2006 â€Å"Shiloh: Themes. † Short Stories for Students. Ed. Marie Rose Napierkowski. Vol. 3. Detroit: Gale, 1998. eNotes. com. January 2006. 24 November 2006. Bucher, Tina. â€Å"Changing Roles and Finding Stability: Women in Bobbie Ann Mason’s Shiloh and Other Stories† Border States: Journal of the Kentucky-Tennessee American Studies Association, No. 8 (1991) Cooke, Stewart J. â€Å"Mason’s ‘Shiloh. ‘† The Explicator 51 (1993): 196-197. Fine, Laura. â€Å"Going Nowhere Slow: The Post-South World of Bobbie Ann Mason. † The Southern Literary Journal 32 (1999). Hunt, Kristina. â€Å"Mason’s Transformation of the South. † October 27, 2000. November 11, 2006.